Getting to the STEM of Environmental Justice: Equity Causes Enrich Student Learning in Science Classrooms

From satellites to ground-based sensors, as well as mobile networks of monitors, the availability of massive data sets has increased the need for educating students in data literacy in order to ensure their competency in the global market (Bluhm et al. 2020;Gibson and Mourad 2018). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines environmental justice as, "... the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies." According to Lacombe, more individuals die yearly from car exhaust (53,000) in the United States than road casualties (37,400). Students worked in groups to discuss their assumptions about factors they perceived to have an impact on air pollution levels (e.g., affluence, traffic, and vegetation).

Can green tribunals help to resist neo-liberalism in environmental governance – The case of India

Establishing the environmental rule of law has been identified as a precondition to achieving sustainable development. Increasingly however norms around environmental sustainability are being eroded by rising neoliberalism. Within countries, especially developing countries these trends are creating tensions for environmental policy-making that often require adjudication/judicial intervention. In this paper, we use the case of the National Green Tribunal (NGT), situated in a rising economy - India to understand how it operates amidst these tensions, restricting our analysis to pre-COVID-19 to minimise confounding effects of the pandemic. We find that the limited jurisdiction allows the NGT to continue to uphold the principles of environmental sustainability. The NGT is able to serve as an indicator of the kinds of environmental issues cropping up, deliver environmental justice and improve governance. However, there are visible tensions driven by the larger political economy of environmental policymaking in India that pose a significant systemic challenge to the effectiveness of the NGT. Given the resurgence of economic imperatives in post-pandemic policymaking, the NGT and other similar environmental courts/tribunals across the globe, need to draw on sources of strength established pre-pandemic to uphold environmental rule of law going forward.

Regulatory Competition, Coordination and Polity Convergence in the Covid Ecosystemic Crisis: A Policy Approach

The paper briefly sketches different "adaptations” possible to address the Covid crisis and then advances three possible avenues for future policy analysis of Covid-related measures, each of these avenues being based on a "conjecture”, respectively an evolutionary, a critical, and a cosmopolitan, and conjecture. The evolutionary conjecture implies regulatory transplants, the critical conjecture elicits competition of Covid-related measures, and the cosmopolitan conjecture assumes coordination of policies. The paper discusses how these conjectures based on pre-Covid literature could explain the regulatory dynamics and then asserts that growing evidence shows that regulatory measures appear to naturally lead to a "polity convergence” based on a common core of "Covid-biopower” and "Covid-biopolitics”. This convergence defies the initial expectations that the fragmented reactions to the Covid crisis could be explained by using the traditional research tools and also poses unprecedented critical issues that demand an expansion of the horizon of policy research.

DUE DILIGENCE IN PANDEMIC: STATE ACCOUNTABILITY FOR COVID-19 UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has tested the response capacity of the international community. This article analyses the due diligence principle and the various international legal instruments that restate it in an assessment of the possible actions that states could have taken to avoid or, at least, contain the initial outbreak of the pandemic.

Time and environment: a bridge between past and present

This article critically analyzes and retraces some of the main turning points in the evolution of environmental law, from a domestic and international point of view, providing some references to sciences adjacent to legal science. The latest events marked by the Green New Deal and the NRRP, also dictated by the need to respond to the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, open scenarios for a new phase of environmental law, which may be re-founded in a non-more purely anthropocentric key. © 2023, Societa Editoriale Federalismi s.r.l.. All rights reserved.

SAFE ENERGY RELATIONS: UNFOLDING THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE WITH THE ADVENT OF HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES

Proposals on the inclusion of hydrogen as an energy vector into the large-scale energy socio-technical system has gained considerable momentum along with the effects of the climate crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the conflict between various dimensions of decarbonization with hydrogen agenda within the conceptual framework of international environmental law and policies. Firstly, we carry out a general due diligence of the technical, economic, and legal aspects of the hydrogen economy particularly in Europe. Subsequently, via textual analyses of European Union's strategic documents, the incompatibility of the hydrogen risk chain with the hydrogen value chain is revealed. Finally, as one remedy to this incompatibility;the precautionary principle, its relation to science, technology and society studies, and its possible policy applications in the context of hydrogen technologies are discussed. © 2022 Proceedings of WHEC 2022 - 23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference: Bridging Continents by H2. All rights reserved.

Sustainable Soil Management Threats Resulting from the COVID-19 Pandemic

This chapter adopts an exploratory approach towards analyzing the sustainable soil threats arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic arises from a range of coronaviruses (CoVs) which are believed to be transferable from animals to humans, and are likely to generate interaction with almost all environmental media—the land, soils on it, water and air. Soils are undisputedly the foundation for all environmental considerations, being the basic support for all forms of life. Soils are found in the environment where we live, work, play, learn and worship. Therefore, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic is both an environmental matter of grave concern as well as a public health emergency which is threatening sustainable soil management (SSM) and the entire global environment. The pandemic is not only threatening environmental wellbeing, but also the very existence of human life. Both the COVID-19 pandemic and environmental challenges such as climate change and loss of biological diversity have no boundaries and can negatively affect global SSM. This brings the enforcement of a wide range of environmental laws into perspective—waste management, natural resources conservation, pollution control, water and sanitation, including wildlife and other animal-related legislation. In most transition and developing countries, the global pandemic is manifesting alongside inadequate socio-economic bases, poor healthcare facilities, severe environmental degradation, and poor enforcement of laws and policies in the governance and environmental sectors which are closely aligned to public health. This chapter uses desktop research to explore likely threats arising from the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and whether the existing law and policy frameworks can provide effective response to the resultant SSM threats. In the wake of the COVID-19 global health challenge, any lapses in enforcing environmental laws and policies may result in worsened challenges. For instance, the global food security threat is likely to escalate owing to soil being polluted and thereby returning poor yields. In the final analysis, if the anticipated threats on SSM are not well managed, there might be significant disturbances in ecosystem support services, leading to further loss of biological diversity among other challenges. In the absence of conclusive information on the full extent of threats to SSM during and post the COVID-19 pandemic, the purpose of this exploratory chapter is to call attention to more research. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

From Illegal Waste Dumps to Beneficial Resources Using Drone Technology and Advanced Data Analysis Tools: A Feasibility Study

In a resource-constrained world, there is ongoing concern over the exploitation and potential future shortage of Earth’s natural resources. In this paper, we present the results of two pilot studies in which we used drone technology with spatial mapping tools and environmental and economic analysis to map illegal waste sites. Besides the technical feasibility, we aimed at understanding the benefits, costs, and tradeoffs of extracting the materials stocked therein, transforming illegal waste sites into valuable resources. The innovation of our work is reflected in the integration of existing technologies for aerial mapping and economic\environmental assessment methodologies for promoting a local circular economy. The pilot results suggest that it is feasible to identify valuable materials left on the ground in the form of unattended, illegally disposed waste. Our initial national estimates for the illegal waste cleanup based on the pilot results suggest that the treatment cost in Israel can be reduced by 58 million USD and even reach zero, with the potential to generate up to 82.8 million USD profits. Finally, we link our results to the Sustainable Development Goals framework and suggest how mapping and implementing the recycling potential can promote achieving some of the goals. Our work provides missing data that the state, local authorities, contractors, and companies that monitor and manage waste and recycled raw materials may find useful.

Global South observers ‘blocked from COP26 negotiations’

Speed read Vaccine, visa complications, COVID restrictions hindering COP26 participation Global South observers, civil society groups ‘don’t have seat in negotiations’ Urgent action needed to address participation gap, say advocates A participation revolution is needed to stop the “outrageous” exclusion of civil society and the global South from major international talks, development advocates have said amid accusations that COP26 is the least inclusive climate summit in a decade. See PDF] Sébastien Duyck, a senior attorney at the Center for International Environmental Law, said: “People have come from all regions, despite all of the hurdles – the economic costs of being here in Glasgow, the health risks associated with going back to their communities, to participate in the process.” Duyck called on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat and the UK as hosts to take immediate action to ensure that the voices of communities living with the impacts of climate change are “effectively and meaningfully heard in negotiating rooms”.

Intellectual Property and International Clean Technology Diffusion: Pathways and Prospects

International clean technology diffusion is essential to mitigate and adapt to climate change, while fast and optimal diffusion can be prevented by the paywall of patents. This article explores the deficiency in clean technology diffusion caused by the legal fragmentation and rule complex of international environmental law and intellectual property law. It systematically examines three pathways to foster international clean technology diffusion through: restriction of intellectual property, including imposing external restraints in environmental law;striking internal balancing in maximizing TRIPS flexibilities;and keeping the status quo. It argues that treaty pathways may not work, and an operable pathway to promote clean technology diffusion is to maximize and consolidate TRIPS flexibilities in national laws. This option challenges the popular proposal of a “Doha-like” declaration on TRIPS and climate change due to the paralyzed multilateral trade mechanism, asymmetrical negotiation power of developing countries, prolonged negotiation process, and categorization problem in treaty negotiations.

CITES as an International Instrument Against Pandemics that Threaten Human Life

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus requires revisiting many global issues, One of these being is the wildlife trade and its adverse effects. Scientific studies have revealed the possibility that the SARS-CoV-2, a zoonotic virus, was transmitted to humans through an endangered wild species (pangolin). Despite pangolins being protected by strict rules under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) they are still the subject of illegal trade. CITES is a comprehensive global convention regulating trade of endangered wildlife species. The convention does not contain any regulations for preventing diseases that threaten human life. However, CITES can indirectly play a role by regulating international trade. This article discusses the possible role CITES and its mechanisms have in preventing SARS-CoV-2 and similar zoonotic viruses. For this purpose, the study examines the proposals for revisions to CITES, including the integration of species shipment regulations and the addition of a new appendix involving animal health. Moreover, the study evaluates proposals to completely ban the trade of wildlife species and the possibility of having CITES intervene in domestic trade. Lastly, the article discusses proposals for recognizing illegal trade as a serious international crime. The main purpose of CITES is to regulate and protect the trade of endangered wild species. No matter what future arrangements are made, acting very meticulously will be necessary by taking into account the concerns of state parties, as this convention depends on states implementing the arrangements.

ACHIEVING GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION THROUGH CLIMATE CHANGE CONTROL WITH THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN COVID-19 PERIOD

The study inquired the role of financial development (FD) on climate change control in COVID-19 period to identify the ways useful to achieve greenhouse gas mitigation in BRICS economies. BRICS countries are included because of their high energy-environment dependence and their need for climate financing through FD promoting greenhouse gas emission. The projected role of FD activity on climate change mitigation is inferred using the generalized methods of moments (GMM). The study results indicated that five out of the six climate change mitigation indicators have a long-term correlation with BRICS’s CO2 emissions. On the other side, there is no evidence of integration between variables in Russia. Moreover, the findings revealed that there 18% rise in FD is estimated, this raised the probability of effective climate change mitigation by 39% in the post-COVID-period, and it reduces greenhouse gas mitigations by 24.7%. The results also highlighted that there is a one-way correlation between energy use and climate drifts. On these findings, policymakers and environmental regulators in BRICS could take inspiration from our study to plan and revisit greenhouse gas mitigation through proper environmental legislation. Additionally, it also encourages other countries and economies to perform comparable assessments and select the best course of action. Hence, this study provides detailed and viable recommendations for key stakeholders for consideration and application to achieve the intended objectives.

Legal, Regulatory, and Governance Innovation in Transnational Environmental Law

[...]disruption creates pressure for evolution in existing legal frameworks, or the creation of new legal frameworks.4 Transnational environmental law encompasses evolving understandings of ‘law’, ‘regulation’, and ‘governance’ as they relate to the global nature of many contemporary environmental problems.5 This issue of Transnational Environmental Law (TEL) highlights the diverse range of legal, regulatory, and governance innovations that continue to be experimented with in an attempt to address complex environmental challenges. [...]Duvic-Paoli analyzes the disruptive impacts of climate change on lawmaking processes, followed by pieces by Donger, Mayer, and Burgers, which focus on legal disruption in the context of climate litigation and adjudication. In Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell, the Hague District Court (the Netherlands) issued an injunction against Shell to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 45% by 2030, compared with 2019 levels.31 According to Mayer, ‘[t]he most innovative aspect of the judgment regards its interpretation of the Dutch law on torts as requiring [Shell] to take climate change mitigation action’.32 Mayer welcomes the establishment of a corporate duty of care to mitigate climate change, yet he notes that determining the content of the duty of care is ‘a challenging task’.33 In particular, he is sceptical of the Court's reliance on global mitigation objectives and climate science to determine the level of GHG emissions that Shell could emit without breaching its duty of care.34 Mayer suggests that the Court's ‘innovative decision’, and particularly its ‘methodological choices’ for determining the content of the duty of care, raise concerns that the Court is going beyond its constitutional role in interpreting and applying the law.35 He proposes an alternative methodology which applies Martti Koskenniemi's distinction between ‘descending reasoning’, in which norms are inferred from general international law principles, and ‘ascending reasoning’, in which norms are deduced from general state practice.36 While the judgment of the Hague District Court arguably reflects a strong preference for the former type of reasoning, it does not engage with ascending reasoning by considering empirical evidence of the current practices of oil-and-gas corporations. Mayer contends that a preferable approach would combine both types of reasoning by referring to international agreements and scientific reports, as well as sectoral practices among other companies.37 If the latter approach were adopted, the interpretation of the standard of care should incorporate what could be expected from an average or reasonable oil-and-gas company.38 Mayer suggests that such an approach reflects a ‘midpoint’ between ascending and descending reasoning, which is consistent with the courts’ function in applying, rather than making, the law.39 In ‘An Apology Leading to Dystopia: Or, Why Fuelling Climate Change is Tortious’,40 Laura Burgers responds to Mayer's analysis and offers a more sympathetic alternative reading of the Hague District Court's judgment.

What is an emergency? Neonicotinoids and emergency situations in plant protection in the EU.

Actions potentially harmful to the environment that are otherwise illegal are sometimes permitted in cases of emergency. How to define an emergency can therefore be both controversial and highly consequential. In this article, we explore one such contemporary controversy: when the use of neonicotinoid pesticides, banned in the EU, can nevertheless be granted an emergency authorization. We analyse several questions, currently before the EU Court of Justice in the ongoing Pesticide Action Network Europe and Others case, that will determine the scope of an "emergency" in the context of derogating from the Pesticide Regulation, and that may impact how "emergencies" are defined in other legal contexts. We argue that the circumstances do not support a legal finding that emergency authorization is justified in this case, and that, in general, "emergencies" must be narrowly defined when justifying measures that involve risks to human health and the environment.

GeoHealth Perspectives on Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) Science

GeoHealth research both characterizes and predicts problems at the nexus of earth and human systems like climate change, pollution, and natural hazards. While GeoHealth excels in the area of integrated science, there is a need to improve coordinated and networked efforts to produce open science to enable environmental justice. There is a need to resource and empower frontline populations that are disproportionately marginalized by environmental injustice (i.e., the unequal protection from environmental harms and lack of access and meaningful engagement in decision making for a healthy environment;EPA, 2022, https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice). GeoHealth practice has the opportunity to advance environmental justice or the “fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income” with respect to how research and collaboration of GeoHealth professionals supports the “development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies” that produce equal protection from environmental and health hazards and access to the decision making for a health environment (EPA, 2022, https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice). Here we highlight barriers and opportunities to apply an equity‐centered ICON framework to the field of GeoHealth to advance environmental justice and health equity.

On the Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on the Need to Rethink the Concept of the Environmental Legislation

Introduction: the coronavirus pandemic has led to severe medical, economic, political and other consequences, but the causes of its occurrence have not been sufficiently studied in the social sciences. The authors propose a discussion of this problem from the standpoint of the philosophy of environmental law. The purpose of the research: to show the relationship between the state of the environment and human health, to argue the hypothesis that the coronavirus pandemic is caused by the environmental factors. Tasks: to determine the main content elements of the philosophy of environmental law;provide arguments in favor of the hypothesis about the impact of environmental pollution on the life and health of not only humans, but also wild animals;offer a list of legislative measures to reduce the human pressure on nature, which will prevent or reduce the response of Nature to human exposure. Methods: dialectical, system, logical, analysis, synthesis. Results: the close relationship between philosophy and law is studied, on the basis of which a new direction of scientific research can be formulated – “the philosophy of environmental law”. The use of the new methodology allows us to put new scientific hypotheses and search for answers to current problems of modern social life, including those related to the appearance and consequences of the coronavirus. Conclusions: the authors argue for a systemic relationship between the environmental degradation and the response of Nature, which is manifested not only in the climate change, but also in the emergence of new types of “environmental diseases” which are common to humans and animals. Overcoming the deadly threat to humanity is only possible by changing the established consumer worldview, which should be manifested in a new perception of Nature and the resulting change in the environmental legislation.Alternate : Введение: пандемия коронавируса привела к тяжелым медицинским, экономическим, политическим и иным последствиям, однако причины ее появления исследованы в общественных науках недостаточно. Авторы предлагают обсуждение этой проблемы с позиций философии экологического права. Цель исследования: показать взаимосвязь между состоянием окружающей среды и здоровьем человека, аргументировать гипотезу обусловленности пандемии коронавируса экологическими факторами. Задачи: определить основные содержательные элементы философии экологического права;привести аргументы в пользу гипотезы о влиянии загрязнения окружающей среды на жизнь и здоровье не только человека, но и диких животных;предложить перечень законодательных мер, позволяющих уменьшить давление человека на природу, что позволит предотвратить или уменьшить ответные реакции Природы на воздействие человека. Методы: диалектический, системный, логический, анализ, синтез. Результаты: исследована тесная взаимосвязь философии и права, на основе которой может быть сформулировано новое направление научных исследований – «философия экологического права». Использование новой методологии позволяет ставить новые научны µ гипотезы и искать ответы на актуальные проблемы современной общественной жизни, в том числе связанные с появлением и последствиями коронавируса. Выводы: аргументируется вывод о системной взаимосвязи ухудшения состояния окружающей среды и ответной реакции Природы, проявляющейся не только в изменении климата, но и в появлении новых видов «экологических болезней», общих у человека и животных. Преодоление смертельной угрозы для человечества возможно лишь посредством изменения устоявшегося потребительского мировоззрения, что должно проявиться вновом восприятии Природы и обусловленного этим изменении экологического законодательства.

Evolution of the International Forest Regulation

In 2019, the World came face to face with the unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the immediate global priority has become to tackle the global public health emergency, the long-term response must also address the underlying causes of such a pandemic. Degradation and loss of forests is one of such contributing factors disrupting nature’s balance and increasing the risk and exposure of people to zoonotic diseases. Worldwide deforestation and forest degradation are continuing at alarming rates. The underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation include the lack of good governance at both international and national levels, the undervaluation of forest products and ecosystem services and the inadequate cross-sectoral policies (e.g. policies that encourage the conversion of forestland to other uses). In order to overcome these major obstacles in combating deforestation and forest degradation it is important to provide for forest-related policy consistency and for effective policy coordination. Up until now, although in general the need for consistency and coordination has been recognized, the extent to which various environmental regimes interact concerning forest regulation and/or may be in conflict with one another remains underexploited. In order in a later step of the research to investigate the interactions and identify conflicts, gaps and synergies with regards to forest regulation, this current article sets the background and investigates the forest regulation under the international environmental law. The challenge for such investigation lies in the fragmentation of the international forest regulation: instead of a basis in a single convention or a protocol, provisions related to forests are scattered through the pieces of hard, soft and private international law. The objective of the current article is to grasp the overall scope of the international forest-related instruments and their evolution under various environmental regimes. The main methodology employed throughout the research is desktop research and legal analysis. In a chronological order the article investigates the evolution of the international forest regulation and reveals its current highly fragmented state. Following the introduction is the essential scientific background for the purpose of the legal research: a brief explanation of what constitutes “forests”, an overview of forests resources worldwide and of the current alarming rates of forests decline. In the following, the article looks at the evolution of the topic of forests in the international agenda from their first appearance up until today. For the purpose of the research three developmental stages in the evolution of the forest regulation at the international level are distinguished: the Foundational Period (i.e. before 1990) — when the scientific consensus about global deforestation and forest degradation developed and transformed from a scientific into a policy issue;the Fragmentation Period (from 1990 until 2011) — when forests entered the UN environmental agenda and gained attention as a stand-alone topic and the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) was established;and the Pre-Constitutional Period (from 2011 — onwards) — when negotiations on the Legally Binding Agreement (LBA) on forests in Europe are taking place. Finally, the conclusions bring the findings of the article together and provide the ground for subsequent legal research. © 2021 Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). All Rights Reserved.

Crossing (Conceptual) Boundaries of Transnational Environmental Law

The case comment reflects on the 2019 decision of the Constitutional Court of Basel-Stadt, which ruled that citizens should be allowed to vote on whether to ‘expand the circle of rights holders beyond the anthropological barrier’,23 and the subsequent decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court to uphold the validity of the citizens’ initiative.24 Blattner and Fasel explain why including rights for non-human primates in a cantonal constitution could add value to their protection in comparison with the traditional animal welfare protection measures.25 While acknowledging that the change of law advocated by the initiative might have limited practical implications, they posit that the mere symbolism of the initiative is worthwhile.26 These two decisions form part of a recent judicial trend of challenging the absence of basic rights for non-human beings.27 However, it emerges from the case comment that these decisions are particularly original in three ways. [...]the courts addressed, possibly for the first time, the relationship between animal rights and federalism in order to evaluate whether the primate rights initiative would be inconsistent with federal law. The courts responded in the negative, finding that while the Swiss Civil Code precludes animals from having fundamental rights, the initiative sought to reform Swiss public law to alter the relationship between individuals and the state: as a result, cantons were free to extend rights to non-human animals.28 Secondly, the decision of the Federal Supreme Court departed from existing animal rights scholarship, which concentrates on the overlaps between human and animal rights. [...]it declared that the initiative ‘does not aim to extend existing human constitutional rights to animals, but instead seeks to create special fundamental rights for non-human primates’.29 Thirdly, the case resulted in an important opportunity for citizens to participate in lawmaking processes as it paved the way for ‘the first ever direct democratic vote on whether some non-human animals should be granted basic rights to life and to bodily and mental integrity’.30 While the two contributions adopt a different starting point – one grounded in a theoretical exercise, the other in the commentary of a judicial decision – they nevertheless converge in their claims that our legal systems need to be reconceptualized to better account for the non-human in our worlds. 3.

New Publications

Climate Change and Maritime Boundaries: Legal Consequences of Sea Level Rise Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021 304 pp., €100 (Hardback). “Is carbon dioxide removal ‘mitigation of climate change’?” 30 Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law (3/2021), pp. 327-335. “International Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation: The Role of Climate Clubs”, 30 European Energy and Environmental Law Review (5/2021), pp. 195-218. Foreign investor protections, stabilization clauses and fossil-fuelled power generation in developing countries”, 30 Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law (3/2021), pp.313-326.

Governing Intersystemic Systemic Risks: Lessons from Covid and Climate Change.

This article argues that contemporary regulation of climate change risks and zoonotic disease risks - two seminal risks of our era - is deficient because it fails to account for the most distinctive characteristics of their risk profiles. These risks are part of a special category of intersystemic systemic risks, which are 'compound' in nature: they possess the potential to cascade across different systems and entail a liability to exponential growth across numbers of linked systems. Moreover, climate change and zoonotic disease risks are globalised, ubiquitous and entrenched. Effective governance of intersystemic systemic risks demands proactive regulatory intervention at the early stages of risk creation, and reliance on a more balanced basket of regulatory measures than is currently available. For climate change as well as zoonotic disease risk control, this calls for greater investment in assessment requirements, a less permissive approach to planning and development consent, and a commitment to phase out unsustainable production processes.